When is violence required to help a dog? Analysis of Cesar Millian working with Shadow, a wolf-dog hybrid
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| These collies were rescued from an animal hoarder, who beat his dogs until he broke bones on some. Several suffered from PTSD and redirected aggression when presented with a trigger, such as humans yelling, making sudden movement, carrying brooms, or swatting flies. They were successfully treated with gentle, non-confrontational methods. The dog on the right continued to engage in "cage stereotypies" such as spnning & barking in this walk-in shower, which resembles a kennel. | |
Is violence necessary to help a dog?
Thank you for joining me to think about this important question. Cesar Millan, the popular "Dog Whisperer," and his followers would have you believe that the answer to this question is yes. I will argue the opposite, that violence begets violence, and last-chance, aggressive dogs are best rehabilitated by gentle methods. These methods are based upon alleiviating the causes of a dog's aggression and replacing that dog's underlying feelings of fear or hostility with a sense of security and well-being.
Before reading what I have to say, please review* this video clip yourself, posted on National Geographic Channel's web site:
http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/dog-whisperer/3252/Videos#tab-Videos/05198_00
Caption says: Shadow is a fully dominant dog that comes at Cesar like a wolf.
*Update 12/03/09: This episode seems to have been taken down from all locations on the web. I apologize to readers: Although the removal of the video is beyond my control, I am sorry that you cannot see it and judge for yourself. Without the video for you to check, I could be exaggerating or making false claims. I will keep my comments here, however, because I am confident I have represented the video accurately. There are other episodes available now with identical elements, in particular: Millan kicking the dog in the vulnerable underbelly; intentionally causing a dog to exceed its threshold in a situation: using physical force to solve a problem that Millan has created: and "solving" the problem by pushing the dog to a state of learned helplessness. In these episodes, Millan also shows no use of current methods for reactive or fearful dogs, methods based in science and in widespread use by reputable canine professionals.
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In this clip, Millan is intervening with a dog that is presumably reactive to another dog (the border collie), on leash with a person whom I assume is the owner of both dogs.
This video link became viral among "positive reinforcement" dog trainers, which is how it came to my attention. Most of their comments concerned Millan's hanging of Shadow on a choke chain, followed eventually by the dog giving up and allowing Millan to roll him onto his side, when the video ends (after some explanations by Millan).
My attention focuses, however, in what happens in the first 5 seconds of the 3-1/2 minute clip. Most of the clip shows Millan struggling not to be mauled by Shadow. I have comments about that portion as well, mostly about how the asphyxiation is secondary to Millan protecting himself and why dog trainers should work as safely as possible, for the sake of the dogs they work with, if not for themselves.
What I find most disturbing about this episode is Millan's inciting the dog's reaction, which occurs about 4 seconds into this video.
Here is what I see: A trusting owner is holding another dog on a leash as Millan walks by with the reactive dog also on a leash. As Millan is talking to the owner, Shadow turns his head to stare at the border collie. All we see is Shadow giving the other dog a hard stare, to be sure not a friendly gesture. But we do not see much else that might show an impending escalation, such as raised hackles, or apparent growling, or a move to close the distance between the two dogs, on either dog's part.
Instead, as Shadow turns to stare at the other dog, Millan utters his signature "shhhttt" and kicks Shadow. For someone who has worked with many fearful, reactive, and some aggressive dogs, I find this action inexplicable.
First, I would never "correct" a dog for normal dog social behavior, because all that you accomplish is to suppress (punish) the warning signals. You do not suppress your dog's feelings or change its instincts in how to act toward other dogs. Instead, and second, you create a dog that is more likely to react the next time because you are increasing his lack of confidence, fear or aggression. In combination, you have cut off that dog's ability to communicate with you and you have increased his need to react with aggression. In effect, you have created a powder keg.
Third, and perhaps most importantly, another reason not to kick a reactive, aroused dog that you are holding on a leash is because of what then happens next to Millan. Shadow whips around to redirect his aggression and frustration at Millan. He is a large, powerful dog. Millan has taken no precautions to protect himself against such an attack; quite the opposite, he has intentionally elicited it. Now what?
When I worked with my county's animal services on an animal cruelty case involving a large population of unsocialized, essentially feral, and reactive dogs, I learned to use a catch pole. A catch pole isessentially a stiff leash. It is about 6' long and there is a noose on the end. The stiffness of this pole is necessary so that an attacking dog can be held safely away from your body. The noose is not there for asphyxiating the dog into submission, but rather the noose is the most secure way to restrain an attacking or otherwise wildly struggling animal. The catch pole is a device that protects both the dog and the human. It is used only as a last resort in normal work by animal control officers. When a catch pole is used correctly, a dog that is frightened, panicked or aggressive can be restrained quickly and put in a place that is safe for that dog, other dogs, and the humans.
Millan, working without a catch pole and without protective gear, had no choice but to use his stiff arm and a tight leash to simulate a catch pole. In the process of making the leash tight, Millan had to cut off Shadow's air with the choke chain around Shadow's neck. This was enough, eventually, to allow Millan to subdue Shadow, but not before Millan had his clothing ripped to shreds and in the process received several bite wounds, which he showed clearly to the camera.
I can't emphasize this reality enough: Once a dog acquires a "bite history," that dog may well be euthanized. Thus, to incite a dog to bite is potentially condemning it to death.
Ironically, saving dogs that would otherwise be euthanized seems to be both Millan's and his supporters' reason for resorting to such confrontational and often violent methods with the "last chance" dogs. Yet, many highly experienced dog behavior professionals, who work quietly in the trenches, use diametrically opposite methods with last-chance, aggressive or fearful dogs. These methods are based upon science, and they work, often quickly and permanently. In the process, there is no danger of a dog being incited to bite and so lose its life.
What are these methods? Here are some dog-friendly resources for helping aggressive and fearful dogs:
1. Click to Calm, a book by Emma Parsons. This excellent book shows how communication is key in helping dogs that do not understand how to protect themselves and find themselves choosing "fight" over "flight" when they become confronted with situations that frighten or arouse them. Use of a clicker is like a binary code that any species understands and humans can use to communicate with animals that do not speak human language.
2. Scaredy Dog, a book by Ali Brown M.Ed, CPDT and Help for Your Fearful Dog by Nicole Wilde. Most reactivity in dogs arises from fear, not from dominance. Both authors have extensive experience in helping fearful dogs. Debbie Jacobs has assembled a fantastic web site and blog pointing to you many resources to help you with your fearful dog http://www.fearfuldogs.com/ and http://fearfuldogs.wordpress.com.
3. Control Unleashed, a book and DVD of same name by Leslie McDevitt. McDevitt focuses on changing "respondent" behaviors, that is, those behaviors arising from emotions. We most often think about changing operant behaviors, or behavior arising in the cognitive part of the brain. However, as we all know from personal experience, controlling behaviors arising from strong emotion is difficult, and doing so requires another approach.
4, On Talking Terms with Dogs and Calming Signals: book and DVD by Turid Rugaas. Rugaas pioneered our understanding of dog-dog communication. The DVD is priceless information, and I highly recommend it over the book, because you can clearly see the dog's body language in motion, and....
5. The Language of Dogs and Am I Safe, DVDs by Sarah Kalnajs. These DVDs are superb. Kalnajs has many years of experience working in shelter environment. She goes into finer detail than Rugaas and allows you to recognize the difference between dog behavior that does not threaten you and that which does. She also explains how to stay safe as a dog behavioral professional. Taken together, these DVDs on dog body language and behavior allow a trainer to "read" a dog correctly. A better understanding of the dog's emotional and cognitive state allows the trainer better to help that dog.
Finally, by far and away the best single resource for working with, and helping, last-chance dogs:
6. Constructional Aggression Treatment: Shaping Away Canine Aggression, a DVD by Jesús Rosales-Ruiz, PhD & Kellie Snider. Rosalez-Ruiz & Snider are scientists with extensive experience in both studying dog behavior and applying science-based methods to address dog behavior problems, aggression in particular.
What all of these highly experienced and knowledgeable trainers advocate is keeping a dog "below threshold" while the trainer is working to change the dog's behavior. "Below threshold" means to keep the dog's arousal sufficiently low so that the dog can think and learn new reactions to situations that frighten it or otherwise heighten its arousal.
Millan's first action is to do the opposite: he literally and figuratively kicked Shadow far above the dog's threshold in that situation. Millan therefore created a problem that did not exist before as far as I know (Shadow attacking and biting a human) and that Millan had to spend most of his time solving. In the process, Shadow earned a "bite history" from giving Millan levels 3 to 4 bites (level 6 is killing the individual attacked). This bite history would condemn Shadow to death in many situations.
I have myself been bitten 4 times at levels 3 and 4 in my work with reactive and aggressive dogs. In each instance, my receiving a bite was always my fault. In each case, I had committed an error of judgment from lack of experience. Getting some bites may be an inevitable consequence of a learning curve, but as a trainer gains more knowledge and experience, he or she should not be bitten in normal consultation work.
Although accidents happen, Millan's kicking an aroused, powerful dog with a history of reactivity, with no protection gear, and in a situation where he knew the dog would be reactive, was simply reckless. Once the dog was over threshold, all learning by this dog was obviated. Millan spent most of the session trying to prevent himself from being mauled.
After Millan subdued Shadow, he commented on Shadow's erection, asserting that it signified dominance aggression. This kind of statement amounts to dog psychobabble and has no basis in any known scientific study. Without question, Shadow was aroused; we did not need to see his erection to know that. However, Shadow's erection might well have been caused by the lack of oxygen from being choked. This kind of sexual arousal is a well-known physiological response used by those who engage in sex games (and attributed by some to the asphyxiation death of David Carridine).
Once again, because of Cesar Millan, I am reminded that anyone can hang out a shingle as a dog behavior professional (trainer, behaviorist, whatever you want to call yourself), without any formal education, without any certification and without any adherence to a code of ethics. Professions that assist the public are generally governed by standards and codes of ethics that may be self-imposed or governed by law; certifications and established standards of education are required. Such professions include the health professions, accounting, law, and education. Professions that require public trust and can potentially do much harm (which applies to most) will be regulated by law, if no effective self-regulation is established.
Perhaps the legacy of self-made trainers such as Cesar Millan will be that, eventually, dog trainers and behaviorists will be held accountable for their actions. If only someone with Millan's magnetic personality and captivating show presence would instead be promoting science-based, modern methods for helping dogs with behavior problems, the world would be a better place for our dogs.
Until then, please, please, do not be persuaded by an engaging television personality that use of violence and force is the only way to help these last-chance dogs, or any dog with behavioral problems. I urge you to consider a kinder, gentler form of training that is supported by scientific evidence. This mode of training may not be flashy. It may not be hawked by a flashy, personable salesman. It might even take a little longer and require patience. But in the end, I promise you that using dog-friendly and kind methods work. They work and they save dogs' lives. Please join us in making the world a better place for our loyal canine companions.
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Some other recent analyses of Cesar Millan's methods, with more references, may be found here:
Lisa Mullinax, CPDT: The Dog Whisperer Controversy
Sophia Yin: The Dominance Controversy and Cesar Millan
Steven Dale: He Ought to Call Himself the Dog Screamer
Posted by Cathy Toft at 7/8/2009 3:26 PM 
Categories: Problem solving, Dog Behavior, positive reinforcement, how dogs learn, dog-friendly training
Categories: Problem solving, Dog Behavior, positive reinforcement, how dogs learn, dog-friendly training
I agree with this analysis. In my opinion, Milan does not really know how to effectively train dogs. He merely tries for sensationalism to make money off of TV and books. Dogs and their owners do not benefit from his efforts, and in fact, are in grave danger if the owners try to mimic Milan's actions. Yes, the dog training profession needs regulation!
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Euthanasia is the only option, did you know that?
We'd like to see the other options rehabilitate shadow instead of maligning Millan. Get on your feet and show us..
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This was an interesting post that every pet owners should read. nice insight, great write-up! thanks for sharing!
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I agree and disagree with the authors statements. The dog DID have previous bites against the owner. See footage submitted to Cesar to get him to the dog. The "kick" is merely a tap to refocus the dog upon Cesar. He did not perform a forceful kick. The Collie is a neighbors dog btw. What people fail to see in the 3.5 clip it seems is the history of the dog to stare, focus and then attack the other dog. When the attack is prevented by the owner, the dog will focus on the owner and bite the owner. So the footage was not described correctly and does not show the whole story in the 3.5 minute clip.
I agree that proper tools could have been used, but I myself tend not to use them either but will use them in extreme cases - I would classify this as extreme. I have been bitten a total of 4 times in dealing with aggressive or dominate dogs (60+ dogs of this type worked with). 3 of those 4 times were indeed my fault, lack of paying attention and early in my years of training/rehabilitation career.
All said in done, all dogs are different and respond differently to positive or corrective rehabilitation. Always start with positive rehabilitation if at all possible. IME, the more red zone a dog, the less likely they will respond to positive rehabilitation, at least until the corrective rehabilitation occurs initially. It is a delicate balance that only trained people should do - but since there is no regulation everyone is a pro. Yes, I agree with the need for certification/regulation.
Experience: Training for 12 years, 480+ dogs worked with. Of the aggressive or dominate dogs, only 1 was put down. The one that bite that was not my fault.
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I like this article wery much! It is necessary to react against such methods in dogtraining all over the world.
When I saw this video, I became speachless, and all I saw was a dog fighting for it's life. I did not see it again, but maybee I should, to see more details. (Wrighting in a foreign language is not my strong side, I hope you foregive me
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A dog fighting for his life?
What about Cesar?
The only "humane option you offer is euthanasia, you are really humane.
I'd like to see all the people that just criticize to show how it should be handled and make a success of this story.
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I found your article to be very interesting and helpful. I agree with Dental Inglewood, pet owners should read this article, especially if they are considering using a "Dog Trainer."
I use to use aversive training methods, but have since changed my approach to a more humane approach.
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A more humane approach?
What do you think that stray dogs in the streets of the thurd world? have you ever witnessed a stray dog fight and how the dominant male pins down the others?
Apparently no, so stop this nonsense.
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I agree with and the comment you said about hybrid dog is correct and is topic is so nice to read keep on updating new post.......
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I really like the tone of this writing. I used to spank and it absolutely haunts me. I will never ever again get aggressive or mean with a dog. Actually, my guilt has turned me into an activist for animal rights.
This writing is right up my alley...well, it is correct. If a dog is showing angst there is a reason. I do not know my rescue friend's past. All that I know is the present. I have read, and I believe, that if there is inappropriate behavior with a dog, a human has caused it. I believe that.
My companion animal friends need to feel safe in this world, not afraid of me and or others. I fully support this article.
Can the writer suggest a dvd about separation anxiety, a trainer who uses kind and gentle methods? I would trust your judgment based on this article.
I have learned from my errors, they haunt me.
Thank you.
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QUOTE,
"...suggest a [DVD] about separation anxiety, [from] a trainer who uses kind and gentle methods?"
--------------------------
not a DVD, no - but a booklet and several web-resources.
if U can find BARKING MAD, a BBC-TV program on behavior-modification in multiple-species, it is an excellent program using pos-R, management, teaching [not punishment] and DS/CC or desensitization and counter-conditioning;
there is an adult mixed-breed tricolor Male-dog in one episode with severe sep-anx, he is not yet self-injuring but close to it, IMO.
he barks, spins, digs, destroys objects, damages thresholds, attempts to escape, etc; he is obviously emotionally distraught, shadows his adopter when she is at home, and will NOT go outside, alone, to the yard.
with the help of B-Mod she successfully changes his panic-reaction to tolerance of being solo for longer periods, and he even begins to use the garden on his own.
web-sources -
Google "what is behavior modification" - a website called DOGAGGRESSION will be in the results, it's by DVM *karen overall*.
on the page U will find her "relaxation protocol" to teach a dog how to relax, and also how to De-Couple or Dissociate departure-cues from actual departure; both are important to the process of B-Mod.
booklet:
"I'll be home soon...", *patricia mcConnell; the author is a behaviorist and her explanations are clear, concise, and step-by-step.
OTC calmatives can also be very helpful in any B-mod involving fears, anxiety or even arousal or reactivity; they take the edge off of highly-emotional responses, making learning and self-control easier. THESE ARE NOT PRESCRIPTION - they are very safe, i have yet to have a client report a side-effect, and there are no dosage worries or interactions.
see
http://tinyurl.com/yc9gdx8
for what to give, how, etc.
clicker-training uses a marker [the click sound] to label desired behavior, which is very clear communication to any nonverbal species; see
http://tinyurl.com/ygvn52r
to sign-up for a week of free beginner's lessons; each day a link is mailed to Ur in-box for the lesson of the day.
it requires only a first-name and an e-mail address.
happy B-Mod,
- terry pride, APDT-Aus, apdt#1827, CVA, TDF
"dogs R dogs, wolves R wolves, and primates R us."
--- tmp, Sept-2004
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QUOTE,
"...suggest a [DVD] about separation anxiety, [from] a trainer who uses kind and gentle methods?"
--------------------------
not a DVD, no - but a booklet and several web-resources.
if U can find BARKING MAD, a BBC-TV program on behavior-modification in multiple-species, it is an excellent program using pos-R, management, teaching [not punishment] and DS/CC or desensitization and counter-conditioning;
there is an adult mixed-breed tricolor Male-dog in one episode with severe sep-anx, he is not yet self-injuring but close to it, IMO.
he barks, spins, digs, destroys objects, damages thresholds, attempts to escape, etc; he is obviously emotionally distraught, shadows his adopter when she is at home, and will NOT go outside, alone, to the yard.
with the help of B-Mod she successfully changes his panic-reaction to tolerance of being solo for longer periods, and he even begins to use the garden on his own.
web-sources -
Google "what is behavior modification" - a website called DOGAGGRESSION will be in the results, it's by DVM *karen overall*.
on the page U will find her "relaxation protocol" to teach a dog how to relax, and also how to De-Couple or Dissociate departure-cues from actual departure; both are important to the process of B-Mod.
booklet:
"I'll be home soon...", *patricia mcConnell; the author is a behaviorist and her explanations are clear, concise, and step-by-step.
OTC calmatives can also be very helpful in any B-mod involving fears, anxiety or even arousal or reactivity; they take the edge off of highly-emotional responses, making learning and self-control easier. THESE ARE NOT PRESCRIPTION - they are very safe, i have yet to have a client report a side-effect, and there are no dosage worries or interactions.
see
http://tinyurl.com/yc9gdx8
for what to give, how, etc.
clicker-training uses a marker [the click sound] to label desired behavior, which is very clear communication to any nonverbal species; see
http://tinyurl.com/ygvn52r
to sign-up for a week of free beginner's lessons; each day a link is mailed to Ur in-box for the lesson of the day.
it requires only a first-name and an e-mail address.
happy B-Mod,
- terry pride, APDT-Aus, apdt#1827, CVA, TDF
"dogs R dogs, wolves R wolves, and primates R us."
--- tmp, Sept-2004
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Excellent article! As a clicker trainer, it's discouraging to me whenever I hear people even mention Cesar Millan. It's unbelievable how many people will hang onto his every word and never even question his methods.
Last week, I had a client who couldn't understand why his dog was becoming more aggressive when he was constantly putting him in an alpha roll. I asked him where he learned this technique, and predictably, he responded with "The Dog Whisperer."
Ugh....
Cesar does have some good info, but it's buried in between all they hype and dominance junk....
Anyhow, I enjoyed the article. I've already bookmarked it and I'm sure I'll be pointing others to it frequently!
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What is it about critics of Cesar that gets them so obstinate about launching into these lengthy diatribes all the while proclaiming their pride in not having seen an actual full episode? Authors like this one pontificate about the terrible effect they 'know' Cesar's interaction 'caused', but all the people who actually Watched the Entire episode know Exactly what happens next and how it's Nothing like what these authors, in their intellectual laziness, predict. As was noted in a prior comment, the dog had a long history of aggression against its owners, not the playful puppydog the author claims the dog was pre-Cesar. And when the dog gets up after being thwarted in its dominance attempt we who actually Watch the show know that no further dominance was exhibited. As the episode progressed one sees further attempts at dominance by the dog towards its owner (not Cesar) and sees how the owner is trained to see it for what it is and how to respond to it. The owners, who were previously at their wits end, report a complete turnaround in the dog's behavior towards them months later, another successful rehabilitation of a dog and training of its owner. These youtube-snippet critics should do the intellectually honest thing and at least Watch an episode, or 10, or 100, wherein the history as well as the before and after are clearly shown, instead of just making up an imaginary story of how the dog got where it was and what happened during and after Cesar spent time with it.
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The whole basis of your arguement is flawed, he is not using violence. Leash and collar corrections is not considered violent nor is it inhumane. Correction is not the solution for all dogs however-all are unique and need different methods to reach successful results.
you have to be careful how you state your arguement.
Balanced training, using correction and praise, can be a very successful method for training all dogs. Dog learn to do "right" and avoid "wrong" and I'm sure all of us can agree on what is classified right and wrong. Someone using these training methods shouldn't be judged as cruel or militant. We all want dogs who are socialized, friendly, walk nicely on and off leash, do basic obedience, and can meet strangers without dominance or aggression.
A problem with all positive, and treat based training is the dog can become dependent on treats, and even the smell and disregard the owner if they loose that scent or stop receiving treats. Its like training a whale at Marineland or any other amusement park. Dogs are never corrected for doing undesirable behaviours. They are ignored, and then praised when being "good". Some things you just can't ignore, such a as aggression. When you give a dog an inch, he/she will take a mile and not correcting problems in the initial stages, will promote that behaviour.
The best thing is to be openminded, and use different styles of training for different dogs.
Thanks,
Dave
http://www.niagaradogtraining.com
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QUOTE,
"[Cesar as shown] is not using violence. Leash and collar corrections [are] not considered violent nor... inhumane."
- dave of niagara
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i politely disagree -
using a garrote is considered violent; used to termination on a human, it is murder unless it is in life-or-death self-defense.
setting a dog up to fail makes great drama, but IMO lousy training, let alone rehab; B-Mod is MORE-demanding and requires greater skill than teaching manners.
i have worked with, and will work with, dogs who have a bite-history.
UNlike CM/DW i don't use prong or choke or shock-collars; i also don't "tap" dogs with my foot or other body-part or an object, when they are highly-aroused or hyperalert.
in fact, i carefully do my best to AVOID setting the dog up to fail, by pushing them over threshold; after all, UNlike CM/DW i do not play to a camera; this is not "Survivor", it's dog-training, specifically B-Mod.
B-Mod when done well, is not very exciting *except* for the owners - who see their formerly-impossible or difficult dog learn new and better behavior, and new emotional-responses to former triggers.
FOR THE RECORD -
i watched every episode from #1 thru August 31, 2009, when i moved and Natl-Geo channel was no longer available to me. as a trainer, i watched with attention and awareness; muting the sound can be especially helpful, as the dog's body-language is easily distorted by the human-brain's default to verbal information.
i watched each episode an average of three times, with sound and muted.
i can tailor training and B-Mod to individual dogs, yet still avoid any confrontation, flooding, physical corrections or emotional intimidation - and it works very nicely, thanks, for dogs, their families, myself, and our larger community - i set dogs up to succeed vs over-react, i associate good-things [not bad] with former triggers, and i create no new-triggers in the process.
desensitization and counter-conditioning are remarkably effective, well-established, science-based methods.
happy B-Mod,
- terry pride, APDT-Aus, apdt#1827, CVA, TDF
"dogs R dogs, wolves R wolves, and primates R us."
- tmp, Sept-2004
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This is a great question and I'm glad you addressed it. Not that Millan hasn't researched well, but the fact that his methods are controversial means there's most likely something wrong with them.
Dog training regulation is a wonderful idea.
Sincerely,
James L.
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I don't think that dog training regulation is a good idea. People will have to have different kind of permissions and stuff. I am not sure they gonna like it.
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All this lenghty "scientific" expositions demostrate what is true in America:
YOU TAKE TOO MUCH CARE OF YOUR DOGS, HENCE MAKE THEM PSYCHOLOGICALLY UNSTABLE!
If you don't mind sending dogs to their deaths because science can not help them, fine!
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A comment in here says: That Cesar kicked the dog in the underbelly...
He doesn't kick, he just touches and if you haven't watched how Pattison treates dogs, you don't know what abousive means.
In america you cannot touch a kid, if you do you are labelled a child abuser...No wonder america is going down the tubes...
STOP BEING DEMAGOGIC IN YOUR APPROACH AND HOW YOU HELP DOGS!
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The problem with you, trainers is that when you disagree with other methods you tend to satanize the opposition, for example comments like:
Shadow was kicked, and he was not kicked it was a touch. Shadow's tongue was blue, or he emptyed his urinating bladder (in wet ground jaja).
Of course, this episode shows either that shadow was a really severe case, or Millan is not capable of helping..
In many cases, Millan has helped dogs that were ready to be euthanised by the same demigods that are supposed to know everything that there is to know about dogs...
yawn!
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